Writing a literature review in the pre or post-qualification, will be required to undertake a literature review, either as part of a course of study, as a key stride in the research process. A literature review can be but a unproblematic summary of the sources, but it normally has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. Information technology demands a range of skills, such as learning how to define topics for exploration, acquiring skills of literature searching and retrieval, developing the ability to analyze and synthesize data every bit well as becoming skilful at writing and reporting, ofttimes within a express time calibration. The aim of this article is to present a pace-past-step approach to writing a literature review enquiry paper to facilitate student and novice reviewers' understanding. A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and sometimes information in a particular field of study within a certain time menses. A literature review of a mature topic addresses the need for a critique of, and the potential reconceptualization of, the expanding and more diversified knowledge base of operations of the topic as information technology continues to develop. The second kind of literature review addresses new or emerging topics that would benefit from a holistic conceptualization and synthesis of the literature. Because these topics are relatively new and accept not yet undergone a comprehensive review of the literature, the review is more likely to lead to an initial or preliminary conceptualization of the topic similar a new model or framework. The reasons for undertaking a literature review are numerous and include eliciting information for developing policies and evidence-based care, a pace in the research process and every bit function of an academic assessment. To many qualified students faced with undertaking a literature review the chore appears daunting. Ofttimes-asked questions range from where to start, how to select a subject, and how

Criteria used to systematic review
. A synthesis matrix organized by the key studies

Figures - uploaded past Muhammad Ali Ramdhani

Author content

All figure content in this expanse was uploaded by Muhammad Ali Ramdhani

Content may be subject to copyright.

Join for free

47

Writing a Literaturdue east Review Research Paper:

A step- past- step arroyo

Abdullah Ramdhanione, Muhammad Ali Ramdhani ii, Abdusy Syakur Amin 3

1 Department of Public Administration, Garut University

Jl. Cimanuk No. 285A, Garut-INDONESIA

aramdhani@fisip.uniga.air-conditioning.id.

2 Faculty of Science and Technology

State Islamic University of Sunan Gunung Djati, Bandung

Jl. A. H. Nasution No. 105, Bandung- INDONESIA

m_ali_ramdhani@uinsgd.ac.id

iii Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Pasundan University

Jl. Dr. Setiabudi No. 193, Bandung-INDONESIA

syakuramin@gmail.com

Abstract – Westwardriting a literature review in the pre or post-qualification, will be

required to undertake a literature review, either as part of a grade of study, as a

key step in the enquiry procedure. A literature review tin can be just a elementary summary

of the sources, but it usually has an organizational pattern and combines both

summary and synthesis. Information technology demands a range of skills, such as learning how to

define topics for exploration, acquiring skills of literature searching and retrieval,

developing the power to analyze and synthesize data also as becoming adept at

writing and reporting, often inside a limited time scale. The aim of this article is to

present a step- by- footstep approach to writing a literature review research newspaper to

facilitate student and novice reviewers' agreement.

Fundamental Words – Literature review; Literature searching; Due westriting a review.

1 Introduction

A literature review discusses published information in a particular discipline expanse, and sometimes

information in a particular subject area expanse within a certain time period. A literature review of a mature

topic addresses the need for a critique of, and the potential reconceptualization of, the expanding and

more diversified knowledge base of the topic equally information technology continues to develop. The second kind of literature

review addresses new or emerging topics that would benefit from a holistic conceptualization and

synthesis of the literature. Because these topics are relatively new and have not yet undergone a

comprehensive review of the literature, the review is more likely to lead to an initial or preliminary

conceptualization of the topic like a new model or framework.

The reasons for undertaking a literature review are numerous and include eliciting information for

developing policies and evidence-based care, a footstep in the enquiry process and as part of an academic

assessment. To many qualified students faced with undertaking a literature review the job appears

daunting. Oftentimes-asked questions range from where to start, how to select a subject, and how

International Periodical of Basic and Engineering science,

Vol. 03, No. 01, July 2014, pp. 47- 56

Insan Akademika Publications

many manufactures to include, to what is involved in a review of the literature (Cronin, et. al., 2008). A

literature review can exist just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an organizational

blueprint and combines both summary and synthesis. A summary is a recap of the of import

information of the source, but a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that data. It

might give a new interpretation of quondam fabric or combine new with erstwhile interpretations. Or it might

trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates. And depending on the situation,

the literature review may evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant

(writingcenter.unc.edu).

2 What is a Literature Review

A literature review is a surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources relevant to a detail

issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, providing a description, summary, and critical

evaluation of these works. Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of sources you accept

explored while researching a item topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits

into the larger field of study (libguides.usc.edu, n.d.). A literature review is a clarification of thdue east

literature relevant to a particular field or topic. It gives an overview of what has been said, who the cardinal

writers are, what are the prevailing theories and hypotheses, what questions are beingness asked, and what

methods and methodologies are appropriate and useful. As such, information technology is not in itself primary research, but

rather it reports on other findings (Emerald Group Publishing, n.d.).

The primary reports used in the literature may be verbal, but in the vast bulk of cases reports are

written documents. The types of scholarship may be empirical, theoretical, disquisitional analytic, or

methodological in nature. Second a literature review seeks to describe, summarise, evaluate, clarify

and/ or integrate the content of main reports (Cooper, 1988).

A literature review isouth an objective, thorough summary and disquisitional analysis of the relevant available

research and non-enquiry literature on the topic being studied (Hart, 1998; Cronin, et al., 2008). Its

goal is to bring the reader up- to -date with current literature on a topic and form the footing for another

goal, such as the justification for future research in the area. A good literature review gathers

information nearly a particular subject from many sources. It is well written and contains few if whatever

personal biases. Information technology should contain a clear search and selection strategy (Carnwell and Daly, 2001;

Cronin, et al., 2008). Adept structuring is essential to enhance the flow and readability of the review

(Colling, 2003).

Literature review is different from an bookish research paper. The main focus of an academic

enquiry newspaper is to develop a new argument, and a research paper will comprise a literature review as

1 of its parts. In a research newspaper, you use the literature as a foundation and as back up for a new

insight that you lot contribute. The focus of a literature review, however, is to summarize and synthesize

the arguments and ideas of others without adding new contributions.

The vast majority of literature reviews serve equally a section of a chief research article that provides the

theoretical foundation for the main study that is the field of study of the articleastward. In that capacity, Fink (2005)

describes multiple purposes for literature reviews. A literature review anchors the rest of a scholarly

article. It describes the content and quality of knowledge already available, and readily presents the

reader the significance of previous work (Okoli & Schabram, 2010). Every bit an academic piece, the review

cannot only regurgitate the subject affair, but rather must contribute to the work in its dual

approach of synthesizing the available material and offering a scholarly critique of theory (Okoli &

Schabram, 2010).

International Journal of Basic and Applied science,

Vol. 03, No. 01, July 2014, pp. 47- 56

3 Systematic Literature Review

The purpose of a systematic literature review is to provide as complete a list equally possible of all the

published and unpublished studies relating to a particular subject area area. It is different with traditional

reviews that attempt to summarize results of a number of studies, systematic reviews utilize explicit and

rigorous criteria to identify, critically evaluate and synthesize all the literature on a particular topic

(Cronin, et al, 2008). Principal purpose of this article is to provide the reader with a comprehensive

groundwork for understanding electric current noesis and highlighting the significance of new research. It

can inspire research ideas past identifying gaps or inconsistencies in a body of noesis, thus helping

the researcher to determine or define research questions or hypotheses.

Beecroft et. al. (2006) fence that a sufficiently focused inquiry question is essential before

undertaking a literature review. Every bit, all the same, it can help refine or focus a broad research question

and is the stateseful for both topic selection and topic refinement. It tin also be helpful in developing

conceptual or theoretical frameworksouthward (Coughlan, et al, 2007; Cronnin, et al, 2008).

Parahoo (2006) suggests that a systematic review should detail the time frameast within which the

literature was selected, as well as the methods used to evaluate and synthesize findings of the studies

in question. In society for the reader to assess the reliability and validity of the review (see figure 1), the

reviewer needs to present the precise criteria used to: (a) Formulate the enquiry question; (b) Set

inclusion or exclusion criteria; (c) Select and access thursdaye literature; (d) Asses the quality of the literature

include in the review; (e) Analyse, synthesize and disseminate the findings.

Fig.1: Criteria used to systematic review

International Journal of Bones and Technology,

Fiveol. 03, No. 01, July 2014, pp. 47- 56

Insan Akademika Publications

four Steps in the Literature Review Process

Given the particular processes involved in systematic reviews, meta-analysis and meta-synthesis, the

focus of the residue of this article is on the steps involved in undertaking a traditional or narrative

review of the literature. Cronin et. al. (2008) argue that the commencement footstep involves identifying the subject of

the literature review. The researcher undertaking a quantitative study may have decided this already.

Even so, for the individual undertaking a not -enquiry based literature review this will be the outset

step.

4.ane Choosing a review topic

The first job to tackle, often the almost hard, in writing a review of literature is choosing a topic

(Timmins and McCabe, 2005; Cronin, et al, 2008). Frequently the chore is specially difficult considering of a

lack of noesis in the content area. Below are some hints for facilitating your choice of a topic.

First, skim through your textbook and identify broad topics in the discipline that involvement you lot. Second,

read the chapters associated with the topics you pick to develop familiarity with the vocabulary (key

words), primary investigators, and issues or controversies in the expanse. Third, talking to others, such as

expert, or reading around a topic can likewise help to identify what areas of the subject field the reviewer is

interested in and may help betoken how much data exists on the topic (Timmins and McCabe,

2005). The side by side pace, after choosing a topic, is to go to the library and search for journal articles

published in the surface area. Use key words to detect article titles for specific topics; sometimes abstracts are

provided for the reader's reference. Abstracts can be useful, time saving devices considering they assist in

weeding expert, associated literature from unrelated, peripheral articles.

Cronin (2008) explained that having sufficient literature is also of import, especially when the

review is an academic assignment. These academic exercises usually have short deadlines, so having

enough literature is fundamental from the perspective of existence able to do the review and submit it on time.

Literature reviews that are part of bookish coursework usually have strictly enforced discussion limits and

information technology is of import to adhere to that limit. Topics that are too broad will result in reviews that are either too

long or too superficial. As a rule of thumb, information technology is amend to outset with a narrow and focused topic, and if

necessary augment the scope of the review as y'all progress. It is much more than difficult to cut content

successfully, especially if fourth dimension is short.

4.2 Searching and selecting advisable articles

The side by side stride after selected a topic is to identify, in a structured style, the appropriate and related

information. A systematic approach is considered most probable to generate a review that will be

beneficial in informing practice (Hek and Langton, 2000; Cronin et al, 2008). Newell and Burnard

(2006) suggest that comprehensiveness and relevance are what reviewers need to consider and add together that

the more specific the topic or question being searched is, the more focused the result will be (Cronin et

al, 2008).

The type of manufactures that are selected for a good review of literature are theoretical presentations,

review articles, and empirical enquiry articles. Choosing the work of a single researcher may be 1

method for starting a literature review. Your presentation will be more than powerful if alien

theoretical positions and findings are presented along with the position or prediction that you support

in your newspaper. You should choose several researchers' works that take added to the cognition base of operations in

International Journal of Bones and Engineering,

Fiveol. 03, No. 01, July 2014, pp. 47- 56

a specific expanse. Strive to eliminate (or explain away) articles that accept faulty methods or that apply faulty

reasoning to support their findings.

Nowadays, literature searches are undertaken about commonly using computers and electronic

databases. Computer databases offer access to vast quantities of information, which tin can exist retrieved

more easily and speedily than using a transmission search (Younger, 2004). There are numerous electronic

databases, many of which deal with specific fields of information. It is important therefore to identify

which databases are relevant to the topic (Cronin et al, 2008). Existing literature reviews and

systematic reviews can too be important sources of data. They tin can offer a good overview of the

enquiry that has been undertaken, so that the relevance to the present work tin can be adamant (Cronin

et al, 2008).

Cronin et. al. (2008) contend when undertaking a literature search an important question in determining

whether a publication should be included in your review is defining the type of source. The four main

types of sources are outlined in Table i. In conducting the literature search it is important to keep a

record of the keywords and methods used in searching the literature as these will demand to be identified

later on when describing how the search was conducted (Timmins and McCabe, 2005).

Table ane. Defining the types of sources for a review

Usually a study by the original researchers of a study

Clarification or summary by somebody other than the original

researcher, due east.g. a review commodity

Papers concerned with description or analysister of theories or

concepts associated with the topic

Views or opinions virtually the subject that are not enquiry, review or

theoretical in nature

Source: Cronin et. al. (2008) p. 41

Information technology is always more than desirable to use chief sources whenever possible. Primary sources in science are

usually in the form of manufactures published in reputable journals. Generally, journals are regarded as

being more upwards- to- date than books every bit sources of information (Cronin, et al, 2008). Secondary sources

include textbooks and review articles or Description or summary by somebody other than the original

researcher. Like your literature review, secondary sources do not contain new information. A look at

secondary sources is often a good move when starting a literature review, but you never rely solely on

secondary sources and always review the primary sources as a check against possible errors.

four.3 Analysing and synthesizing the literature

After y'all accept collected the articles y'all intend to use in your literature review, you are prepare to

clarify each one (break it down and identify the important information in information technology) and and then synthesize the

drove of articles (integrate them and identify the conclusions that tin be drawn from the articles as

a group).

Initially, information technology is advisable to undertake a starting time read of the articles that have been collected to get a sense of

what they are about. About published manufactures contain a summary or abstruse at the commencement of the

International Periodical of Basic and Technology,

Vol. 03, No. 01, July 2014, pp. 47- 56

Insan Akademika Publications

paper, which will assist with this process and enable the conclusion as to whether information technology is worthy of further

reading or inclusion. At this point, it may also be of do good to undertake an initial classification and

group of the manufactures by type of source (Cronin, et al, 2008).

There are a number of tools that can assist u.s. analyze and synthesize our key sources. Table 2 show

virtually using a synthesis matrix to organize the sources in your literature review and integrate them into

a unique interpretation that not merely serves every bit the foundation of your written report but also contributes to the

dialogue in your field and establishes your credibility as a scholar. There are limitless ways of

structuring a matrix (Emerge, 2013).

For example is a synthesis matrix organized by the key studies on your specific topic. Identify six to

twelve studies that are closely related to the focus of your study and that you will employ as the foundation

for your proposed research. In the first cavalcade along the vertical centrality of the table, list the author and

date of publication for each study (Emerge, 2013). Then create columns to place the purpose or

inquiry questions the authors posed, the method used in the study, characteristics of the sample, the

major findings of the study, the main ideas or themes distilled from the findings, how the findings

confirm those of other studies (similarities), and how the findings differ from other studies or offer

information non found in other sources.

Table ii. A synthesis matrix organized by the chiliadey studies

Sources, (Sally, 2013).

Another tools for clarify and synthesize is undertake an initial gradeification and grouping of the

articles by type of source. One time the initial overview has been completed information technology is necessary to return to the

articles to undertake a more systematic and disquisitional review of the content. It is recommended that some

blazon of structure is adopted during this process such as that proposed by Cohen (1990). This elementary

method is referred to as the Preview, Question, Read, Summarize (PQRS) organisation and it non only keeps

you lot focussed and consistent but ultimately facilitates easy identification and retrieval of cloth

particularly if a large number of publications are beingness reviewed (Cronin, et al, 2008).

Following the preview stage, a reviewer may end upwards with four stacks of articles that are deemed

relevant to the purpose of the review (Cronin, et al, 2008). In the question stage, questions are asked

of each publication. Hither several writers have suggested using an indexing or summary system (or a

combination of both) to assist the process (Timmins and McCabe, 2005; Cronin et al, 2008).

Although there are slight variations in the criteria proposed in the indexing and summary systems,

generally they are concerned with the title of the article, the writer, the purpose and the method

applied in a research study, and findings and outcomes. It is also useful to incorporate comments or

primal thoughts on your response to the commodity after information technology has been reviewed. For the purpose of good record

keeping, it is suggested that the source and total reference are besides included. It can be very frustrating

trying to locate a reference or a key point amid a plethora of articles at a later phase (Cronin, et al,

2008).

International Journal of Basic and Applied science,

Fiveol. 03, No. 01, July 2014, pp. 47- 56

As information technology is likely that not all of the articles will be primary sources, you may wish to adjust your summary

system to accommodate other sources, such as systematic reviews or non-research literature. Possible

headings, adjusted from appraisement tools for various types of literature are outlined in Tabular array iii. Although

it may exist laborious at times, each commodity should exist read while trying to answer the questions . It is

worth noting, however, that if any attribute of the appraisal is not clear, it may be beneficial to access

more detailed tools or checklists that facilitate further analysis or critique (Cronin, et al, 2008).

Table 3. Summary of data required in review

Secondary sources

-review

Journal (full reference):

Journal (full reference):

Journal (full reference):

Review questions/ purpose:

Key thoughts/ comments, eastward.g.

strengths/ weakness:

Key thoughts/ comments, due east.grand.

strengths/ weakness:

Key thoughts/ comments, e.g.

strengths/ weakness:

Source: Cronin et. al. (2008) p. 41

The final phase of appraisal is to write a curt summary of each article and may include cardinal thoughts,

comments, strengths and weaknesses of the publication. Information technology should exist written in your own words to

facilitate your understanding of the material. It also forms a good basis for the writing of the review

(Cronin, et al, 2008).

4.4 Organization of writing the review

The main aim in structuring your review of the literature is to pb your reader to sympathize the need

to conduct precisely the form of literature review or research paper that you propose or have washed. The

key to a good literature review or research newspaper is the ability to present the findings in such a way that

information technology demonstrates your knowledge in a clear and consistent mode (Cronin, et al, 2008).

The introduction and conclusion to your review of the literature should prove how your research

project will join the on-going chat: identify the key terms and concepts and bespeak how your

enquiry will resolve unresolved questions in others' work. You lot can also outline the structure of the

review itself — by preview in the introduction, or review in the conclusion — and you tin then

foreshadow the management of the adjacent section/ chapter.

4.4.1 Introduction

Cronin, et al (2008) fence that the introduction should include the purpose of the review and a cursory

overview of the 'problem'. Information technology is of import that the literature sources and the key search terms are

International Journal of Bones and Practical Science,

Vol. 03, No. 01, July 2014, pp. 47- 56

Insan Akademika Publications

outlined. The introduction will not merely present the main topic, but will besides make a argument about

the condition of knowledge in this area of research.

Some areas of business organization in preparing the introduction is (a) Define or place the full general topic or area

of concern to provide a context for reviewing the literature; (b) Signal out overall trends, conflicts in

theory, methodology, evidence and conclusions, or gaps in resecurvation and scholarship, to identify a

particular problem; (c) Plant your purpose for reviewing the literature or point of view; explicate the

criteria used to select and evaluate the literature; explain what information technology included or excluded (telescopic); and

forecast the arrangement or sequence of the review.

four.4.2 Main trunk

The main body of the report presents and discusses the findings from the literature. There are several

ways in which this can be done (Cronin et al, 2008; Carnwell & Daly, 2001). Regardless of the mode

in which the master trunk of the review is framed, there are primal points that must be considered. Showtime,

Group research studies and other literature according to common denominators such as qualitative or

quantitative approaches, purposes, theories, methodologies, or conclusions. Second, summarize

individual studies in detail appropriate to its comparative importance in the literature and to its

relevance for your research. Third, Use figures and/ or tables to nowadays your own synthesis of the

original data or to show key data taken directly from the original papers.

In social club for your reader to move through your data with ease while keeping the large motion-picture show in

view, order your trunk paragraphs in the same way that you lot did in the statement about how your

literature review will continue. Order the abstractions (main ideas) from general to specific, deciding

which sources have contributions to make to which concepts. Yous will then present more specific

information from the sources, using in-text citation, to hash out the abstractions in more detail and to

point out areas of agreement or debate amid sources. Your torso paragraphs should work to not merely

summarize what sources take said, but to demonstrate relationships between them.

4.4.3 Conclusion

The conclusion should provide a summary of findings from the literature review. Explain what your

assay of the material leads you lot to conclude about the overall land of the literature, what it provides

and where it is defective. Cronin et al (2008) mention that the review should conclude with a concise

summary of the findings that describes electric current knowledge and offering a rationale for conducting future

research. In a review, which forms part of a study, any gaps in knowledge that have been identified

should lead logically to the purpose of the proposed study. In some cases, it may also exist possible to

use the developed themes to construct a conceptual framework that will inform the study. In all

reviews, some recommendations or implications for practice, pedagogy and research should be

included.

iv.4.4 References

The literature review should conclude with a total bibliographical list of all the books, journal articles,

reports and other media, which were referred to in the piece of work. Regardless of whether the review is part

of a course of written report or for publication, information technology is an essential part of the process that all sourced cloth is

acknowledged. This means that every citation in the text must appear in the reference. Omissions or

International Journal of Basic and Practical Science,

Fiveol. 03, No. 01, July 2014, pp. 47- 56

errors in referencing are very common and students often lose vital marks in consignment considering of it.

A useful strategy is to create a separate file for references and each time a publication is cited, it can be

added to this listing immediately (Cronin et al, 2008).

v Conclusion

This article has presented a detailed guide to developing a systematic literature review This guide

presents a step-by - footstep arroyo to carrying out the rigorous, scientific methodology of a systematic

literature review. While written generally enough to be applicable to a broad range of fields,

esspecially specific to social sciences and management.

Whether the approach is qualitative or quantitative volition ofttimes dictate when and how it is carried out.

5arious types of literature reviews may be used depending on the reasons for carrying out the review

and the overall aims and objectives of the inquiry. Writing a review of the literature is a skill that

needs to be learned. By conducting them, student or researchers can exist involved in increasing the

knowledge through evidence-based practice.

References

Bocken, Northward. M. P., Short, S. Westward., Rana, P., & Evans, Southward. (2014). A Literature and Practice Review to

Develop Sustainable Concern Model Archetypes. Journal of Cleaner Product, 65: 42-56.

Carnwell, R., & Daly, W. (2001) Strategies for the Construction of a Critical Review of the Literature.

Nurse Educ Pract ane: 57-63

Colling, J (2003). Demystifying The Clinical Nursing Research Procedure: The Literature Review. Urol

Nurs 23 (4): 297–9.

Cooper, H. M. (1988). The Structure of Knowledge Synthesis. Knowledge in Society, 1: 104- 126.

Cronin, P., Ryan, F., & Coughlan, M. (2008). Undertaking a literature review: a step-by - step

arroyo. British Periodical of Nursing, 17(ane): 38 -43.

Emerald Group Publishing (n.d.) How to Write a Literature Review. Retrived from

http://world wide web.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/authors/guides/write/literature.htm.

Galvan, J. L. (2006). Writing literature reviews. Glendale, CA: Pyrczak Publishing.

Hall, T., Beecham, S., Bowes, D., Gray, D., & Counsell, S. (due north.d.). A Systematic Literature Review on

Fault Prediction Operation in Software Engineering.

Hart, C. (1998). Doing a Literatureastward Review. London: Sage Publications.

Lawrence, C. Northward. (2011). Writing a Literature Review in the Social Sciences. Retrived from

www.academic.edu.

Okoli, C., & Schabram, K. (2010). A Guide to Conducting a Systematic Literature Review of

Data Systems Research. Sprouts: Working Papers on Data Systems, ten(26).

Sally. (2013). A Synthesis Matrix as a Tool for Analyzing and Synthesizing Prior Inquiry. Retrived

from http:// www.academiccoachingandwriting.org/dissertation-medico/dissertation-physician- blog

3- a -synthesis-matrix- equally- a-tool -for-analyzing-and-synthesizing-prior-inquiry.

International Journal of Basic and Applied Science,

Vol. 03, No. 01, July 2014, pp. 47- 56

Insan Akademika Publications

San Jose Country Academy (due north.d.) Guidelines for Writing a Review of Literature Retrieved from

http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/christen/review_guidelines.html\.

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (northward.d.) The Writing Center, Literature Review.

Retrieved from https://writingcenter.unc.edu/files/2012/09/Literature-Reviews-The- Writing-

Middle.pdf.

Timmins, F., & McCabe, C. (2005). How to comport an effective literature review. Nurs Stand, 20

(11): 41–vii.

USC Libraries. (n.d.) Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper. Retrieved from

http://libguides.usc.edu/writringguide/literaturereview.

Younger, P. (2004). Using the cyberspace to conduct a literature search. Nurs Stand 19 (6): 45-51

... Para Ramdhani et al. (2014, citado por Rodríguez, 2020, los gestores bibliográficos permiten la revisión de fuentes fiables y de interés que ayudan a dilucidar "el panorama de investigación mediante una visión general de fuentes exploradas, lo cual afianza el trabajo científico o académico e indica a los lectores como el proyecto de investigación se ajusta a united nations campo general de estudio más amplio". En consecuencia, se puede decir que en cierta medida existe una acción recíproca entre el investigador y la fuente bibliográfica y que puede terminar en un intercambio de papeles; es decir, que no siempre el player desde su accionar cuestiona el contenido, sino que el contenido puede cuestionar la perspectiva de pensamiento del investigador en cualquier escenario social, tecnológico o educativo. ...

Este es un estudio de caso con enfoque cuali-cuantitativo y nivel descriptivo, sobre cómo los estudiantes perciben el uso del gestor bibliográfico colaborativo digital. El estudio ayuda a reconocer la relevancia de utilizar dicho gestor para cualificar la investigación y la producción académica, desde proyectos que desarrollan estudiantes de la maestría en Tecnologías Digitales Aplicadas a la Educación. Participaron 103 estudiantes de los módulos: Caracterización de la investigación aplicada y Propuesta de investigación aplicada. Los resultados dejan ver que los tesistas valoran positivamente el gestor como dispositivo tecnológico clave para la gestión de la información y del conocimiento; a su vez, permiten inferir que esta herramienta informática en mención facilita la búsqueda, clasificación y análisis de registros bibliográficos, traduciéndose en adecuadas toma de decisiones y mejora en el desempeño tanto académico como de investigación.

... Research method is washed through literature review. Ramdhani et al. defined literature review as an human action to talk over existing literature works in which the literature works discusses a certain subject also it may discuss it in a sure fourth dimension (Ramdhani et al., 2014). Therefore this research article will respond the event presented in the previous section through literature reviews. ...

  • Axel Victor Christian

States takes mensurate during Covid-xix Pandemic. Those measures are not unified under the same standard thus limiting mobility. With the vaccine and so bachelor the measures and standards states accept becomes more complicated and non unified. There needs to exist a unified measure which is a unified social control through international police by analysing whether social control is permissible under international constabulary. A unified social control for measures that effect the mobility volition unify standards. It is permissible considering the states behaviour under the current Covid-19 Pandemic. Unified control through international should exist done in a treaty or convention. Affairs for the success of the treaty then should be washed through track two model of diplomacy which will provide freedom to united states of america in raising their wills and business organization on the respective treaty.

... Desain penelitian dengan literature review dimana peneliti harus melakukan pencarian literature secara mendalam, detail, dan teliti. Tujuan literature review memberikan gambaran mengenai penelitian sebelumnya untuk di kolaborasikan dengan gambaran peneliti atau pengarang saat ini sebagai pandangan baru dalam sebuah penelitian (Ramdhani, Ramdhani and Amin, 2014 seharihari pasien seperti akses pasien untuk ke pelayanan terdekat atau ke rumah sakit, memfasilitasi apabila pasien sedang mengalami kekambuhan seperti pasien mengalami amuk keluarga dapat memberikan bantal agar pasien dapat melampiaskan amarahnya tanpa melukai dirinya sendiri, memfasilitasi alat makan dan mandi pasien dimana alat yang digunakan tidak membahayakan pasien, serta memfasilitasi Ketika pasien ingin istirahat seperti ventilasi kamar pasien yang sejuk dan nyaman, tidak terdapat gorden, dsb. m. ...

  • Firda Nur Rahma Santi
  • Heryanto Adi Nugroho
  • Edy Soesanto Edy Soesanto
  • Eni Hidayati

Halusinasi merupakan persepsi dimana individu tidak mampu membedakan antara persepsi nyata dengan tidak nyata, menyebabkan individu akan kehilangan kontrol akan dirinya. Keluarga memiliki pengaruh dalam kesembuhan atau kekambuhan pasien apabila keluarga belum memiliki pengetahuan yang baik mengenai perawatan halusinasi dan dukungannya pada pasien saat mengontrol halusinasi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan hubungan pengetahuan keluarga tentang perawatan halusinasi dan dukungan keluarga terhadap kemampuan pasien mengontrol halusinasi. Metode yang digunakan yaitu menyeleksi artikel dari berbagai sumber dengan menggunakan Teknik PICO lalu di sesuaikan dengan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi yang telah di tentukan yaitu artikel terpublikasi maksimal v tahun (2016 – 2021), artikel full teks, menggunakan Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa inggris, tema artikel pengetahuan keluarga tentang merawat halusinasi dan dukungan keluarga terhadap kemampuan mengontrol halusinasi. Berdasarkan analisis artikel disimpulkan bahwa kemampuan pasien mengontrol halusinasi di pengeruhi oleh pengetahuan keluarga tentang merawat anggota keluarganya yang mengalami halusinasi dan adanya pemberian dukungan keluarga yang baik untuk pasien. Saran : keluarga secara mandiri merawat pasien dengan halusinasi, di rekomendasikan masuk dalam intervensi asuhan keperawatan.

... The articles were collected, classified, and reviewed to identify important data that can be further used by diverse stakeholders of the domain of involvement. In this context, a cursory reading of the literature needs to be carried out, giving more attention to abstracts of articles as they provide summaries from which readers tin can determine its relevance to the domain under investigation [17]. For instance, DiMatteo adult a quantitative review of 50 years of medical enquiry on patient adherence to handling. ...

Over the past few years, numerous studies and enquiry articles have been published in the medical literature review domain. The topics covered by these researches included medical data retrieval, disease statistics, drug analysis, and many other fields and awarding domains. In this paper, nosotros employ various text mining and information analysis techniques in an endeavor to discover trending topics and topic cyclopedia in the healthcare literature and data mining field. This analysis focuses on healthcare literature and bibliometric data and word association rules practical to 1945 research articles that had been published between the years 2006 and 2019. Our aim in this context is to assist saving time and attempt required for manually summarizing big-scale amounts of information in such a broad and multidisciplinary domain. To carry out this chore, we use topic modeling techniques through the utilization of Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), in addition to diverse document and word embedding and clustering approaches. Findings reveal that since 2010 the involvement in the healthcare big data analysis has increased significantly, as demonstrated past the five most unremarkably used topics in this domain.

  • Made Ayu Anggreni
  • Syarif Sumantri
  • Nurbiana dhieni Djalil Nurbiana dhieni Djalil
  • Karnadi Karnadi

Faktor globalisasi menjadi salah satu faktor yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap kondisi internal Indonesia. Sekarang banyak budaya atau kebiasaan dan kepercayaan dari luar yang masuk ke Indonesia tanpa melalui penyaringan padahal seharusnya masyarakat dapat memilih mana yang baik dan mana yang buruk. Pendidikan yang berkualitas dapat menjadi benteng bagi anak-anak dari hal-hal negatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kompetensi guru dalam praktik penerapan budaya pada Lembaga PAUD di Republic of indonesia. Metode penelitian dengan literature review dan menggunakan PRISMA Checklis dilakukan pada bulan Maret – Mei 2021 dan jurnal 20 tahun terakhir, sumber data sekunder artikel jurnal bereputasi baik nasional maupun internasional pada lima database dengan kriteria kualitas tinggi dan sedang, yaitu Scopus, Tandfonline, Research Gate, SagePub dan Schoolar dengan tema kompetensi guru dan tenaga pendidik terlibat menjadi pembelajar dari berbagai komunitas budaya di mana siswa mereka berasal, berkembang sebagai pendidik yang kompeten secara budaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa guru anak usia dini harus berkomitmen untuk mengembangkan pendidikan usia dini yang dapat terlibat dalam pedagogi yang adil dalam praktik pengajaran multikultural. Kualitas suatu pendidikan ditentukan dari berhasil tidaknya guru dalam menyampaikan materi.

  • Budi Darmo Budi Darmo

Ketergantungan untuk mendapatkan efek atau status dalam masyarakat, membuat seseorang menjadi fetish terhadap produk yang dikonsumsinya. Dalam fetisisme komoditas, iklan sangat berperan dalam menentukan nilai dan makna sebuah produk. Makna palsu yang ditanamkan ke dalam produk membuat seakan-akan kenikmatan nyata-lah yag dikonsumsi dari produk yang digunakan. Dalam Iklan AXE Parfum Saku versi Dijemput Si Cantik terdapat banyak jenis fetisisme komoditas dimana maknamakna saling tumpang tindih menyuarakan kebenarannya. Namun, makna tersebut menjadi penting untuk seseorang atau malah merusak kesadarannya, sehingga melazimkan pemujaan pada komoditi. Pada akhirnya masyarakat harus lebih kritis dalam melihat dan memilih produk yang dikonsumsinya. Kata kunci: fetisisme komoditas, iklan, makna

  • Edy Chandra Edy Chandra

Tren terhadap pemeliharaan terhadap tanaman dalam/luar rumah, yaitu jenis sukulen dan kaktus mulai menjadi sebuah aktivitas baru semasa pandemic covid-xix, yang mewajibkan setiap masyarakat global ataupun regional untuk lebih banyak beraktivitas di rumah. Upaya aktivitas ini telah menjadi peluang para wirausahawan ( entrepreneur) pemula untuk memulai jenis usaha dibidang ini, termasuk salah-satunya adalah produk media tanam (pasir malang, sekam, pumice, dll). Pengembangan pada seorang wirausaha muda yang menjual produk media tanam adalah pengembangan pada penciptaan identitas visual pada brand produk media tanam dan juuga aplikasi pada media stiker untuk mendukung identitas kemasan di mata konsumen. Proses pengembangan identias melibatkan proyek perancangan visual brand produk secara sederhana yang disampaikan oleh desainer kepada kliennya. Prosesnya melibatkan brainstorming seputar ide-ide visual media tanam dengan sukulen dan kaktus.

  • George Kaliampos George Kaliampos

The last three decades two distinct trends accept emerged within Early on Childhood Education, namely Early Childhood Science Teaching and Early Childhood Special Education. The current paper tries to move along these areas and illuminate the common footing that lie between them. In particular, drawing from the formulated empiricist, Piagetian and socio-cognitive trends within Early Childhood Scientific discipline Education, information technology tries to explore to what extend they could aggrandize in special needs context. In improver, it proposes diverse, specific strategies that emerge from the in a higher place-mentioned trends and could be implemented in teaching science within special needs settings. By and then doing, the present newspaper aspires to fix the frame of a newly born and well-promising trend, that of Early on Childhood Special Scientific discipline Education.

  • Zayyan Velda Send
  • Puji Wibowo Puji Wibowo

The adoption of the accrual basis is a milestone in the reform of authorities financial reporting. Country financial management policies in the new government era also provided new insights for the development of government accounting research. This study aims to provide an overview of the development of government accounting research in two reputable national journals indexed past SINTA ii during the 2015-2019 period. Commodity observations are carried out using the chartered fields method. The results of a study of 43 articles prove that accountability and spending are the most popular topics to be discussed. Mixed research methods are still very limited to use in these authorities accounting studies. This study contributes to the direction of government bookkeeping research in the future by providing signals of several interesting inquiry areas to exist explored farther. ABSTRAKSI Penerapan basis akrual merupakan tonggak bersejarah dalam reformasi pelaporan keuangan pemerintah. Kebijakan pengelolaan keuangan negara pada era pemerintahan baru turut memberikan warna bagi perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan ulasan mengenai perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintah pada dua jurnal nasional terakreditasi yang terindeks SINTA two selama periode 2015-2019. Pengamatan artikel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode chartered the fields. Hasil studi terhadap 43 artikel menunjukkan bahwa akuntabilitas dan belanja merupakan topik yang paling populer dibicarakan. Metode riset campuran masih sangat jarang digunakan dalam studi akuntansi pemerintahan tersebut. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi berupa arah riset akuntansi pemerintahan di masa mendatang dengan memberikan sinyal beberapa surface area penelitian yang cukup menarik untuk didalami lebih lanjut. Kata Kunci: Akrual, akuntansi pemerintah, keuangan negara

  • Zayyan Velda Send
  • Puji Wibowo Puji Wibowo

The adoption of the accrual basis is a milestone in the reform of government financial reporting. Country financial management policies in the new government era also provided new insights for the development of regime accounting enquiry. This study aims to provide an overview of the development of government accounting enquiry in two reputable national journals indexed by SINTA 2 during the 2015-2019 menstruation. Commodity observations are carried out using the chartered fields method. The results of a study of 43 manufactures prove that accountability and spending are the most pop topics to be discussed. Mixed research methods are withal very limited to employ in these government accounting studies. This study contributes to the direction of government bookkeeping research in the futurity by providing signals of several interesting research areas to be explored further. ABSTRAKSI Penerapan basis akrual merupakan tonggak bersejarah dalam reformasi pelaporan keuangan pemerintah. Kebijakan pengelolaan keuangan negara pada era pemerintahan baru turut memberikan warna bagi perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan ulasan mengenai perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintah pada dua jurnal nasional terakreditasi yang terindeks SINTA 2 selama periode 2015-2019. Pengamatan artikel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode chartered the fields. Hasil studi terhadap 43 artikel menunjukkan bahwa akuntabilitas dan belanja merupakan topik yang paling populer dibicarakan. Metode riset campuran masih sangat jarang digunakan dalam studi akuntansi pemerintahan tersebut. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi berupa arah riset akuntansi pemerintahan di masa mendatang dengan memberikan sinyal beberapa area penelitian yang cukup menarik untuk didalami lebih lanjut. Kata Kunci: Akrual, akuntansi pemerintah, keuangan negara

Eco-innovations, eco-efficiency and corporate social responsibility practices define much of the current industrial sustainability agenda. While of import, they are bereft in themselves to evangelize the holistic changes necessary to achieve long-term social and ecology sustainability. How can we encourage corporate innovation that significantly changes the style companies operate to ensure greater sustainability? Sustainable business models (SBM) contain a triple bottom line approach and consider a broad range of stakeholder interests, including environment and guild. They are important in driving and implementing corporate innovation for sustainability, can aid embed sustainability into business purpose and processes, and serve equally a primal commuter of competitive reward. Many innovative approaches may contribute to delivering sustainability through business models, but have not been collated nether a unifying theme of business concern model innovation. The literature and business practice review has identified a broad range of examples of mechanisms and solutions that tin can contribute to concern model innovation for sustainability. The examples were collated and analysed to place defining patterns and attributes that might facilitate categorisation. Sustainable business concern model archetypes are introduced to describe groupings of mechanisms and solutions that may contribute to edifice up the business model for sustainability. The aim of these archetypes is to develop a common language that can be used to advance the evolution of sustainable business organisation models in research and practice. The archetypes are: Maximise cloth and energy efficiency; Create value from 'waste'; Substitute with renewables and natural processes; Evangelize functionality rather than ownership; Adopt a stewardship function; Encourage sufficiency; Re-purpose the business organization for order/environment; and Develop scale-up solutions.

  • Chitu Okoli Chitu Okoli
  • Kira Schabram

This working paper has been thoroughly revised and superseded by two singled-out articles. The first is a revised and peer-reviewed version of the original article: Okoli, Chitu (2015), A Guide to Conducting a Standalone Systematic Literature Review. Communications of the Association for Information Systems (37:43), November 2015, pp. 879-910. This article presents a methodology for conducting a systematic literature review with many examples from IS research and references to guides with further helpful details. The article is bachelor from Google Scholar or from the author's website. The 2nd extension commodity focuses on developing theory with literature reviews: Okoli, Chitu (2015), The View from Giants' Shoulders: Developing Theory with Theory-Mining Systematic Literature Reviews. SSRN Working Newspaper Series, December 8, 2015. This article identifies theory-mining reviews, which are literature reviews that extract and synthesize theoretical concepts from the source primary studies. The article demonstrates by citation analysis that, in information systems research, this kind of literature review is more highly cited than other kinds of literature review. The commodity provides detailed guidelines to writing a high-quality theory-mining review.

Groundwork: The accurate prediction of where faults are likely to occur in lawmaking can help straight examination endeavor, reduce costs and ameliorate the quality of software. Objective: We investigate how the context of models, the independent variables used and the modelling techniques applied, influence the performance of error prediction models. Method:We used a systematic literature review to place 208 fault prediction studies published from January 2000 to Dec 2010. We synthesise the quantitative and qualitative results of 36 studies which report sufficient contextual and methodological information co-ordinate to the criteria nosotros develop and apply. Results: The models that perform well tend to be based on simple modelling techniques such as Na??ve Bayes or Logistic Regression. Combinations of independent variables take been used by models that perform well. Characteristic selection has been practical to these combinations when models are performing particularly well. Decision: The methodology used to build models seems to be influential to predictive performance. Although there are a set of fault prediction studies in which conviction is possible, more studies are needed that use a reliable methodology and which study their context, methodology and performance comprehensively.

  • Ros Carnwell
  • William Daly William Daly

This paper describes the process by which a literature review is conducted. Information technology begins by identifying the purpose of a literature review, and and then explores how central words can exist used to define the telescopic of the review, how the review can be organized into t hemes and how conclusions can be drawn from the literature to inform further studies. Examples from nursing and health intendance are provided to illustrate the processes described.

  • Joyce Colling

The literature review is a critical step in designing and conducting a credible study. Information technology might seem tedious at first, but your ain ideas will go meliorate developed and thoughtful every bit you lot critique what other researchers have washed. It will make your written report stronger. Thus, don't skim over this part of the procedure. A practiced literature review will make the next steps easier. It volition also clinch that you are studying an important area, that the outcome has clinical importance to your patients, and that writing and reporting the results will be easier.